The concepts of self-esteem and perceived self-efficacy are often used interchangeably as though they represented the same phenomenon. In fact, they refer to entirely different things. Perceived self-efficacy is concerned with judgments of personal capability, whereas self-esteem is concerned with judgments of self-worth. There is no fixed relationship between beliefs about one's capabilities and whether one likes or dislikes oneself. Individuals may judge themselves hopelessly inefficacious in a given activity without suffering any loss of self-esteem whatsoever because they do not invest their self-worth in that activity. The fact that I acknowledge complete inefficacy in ballroom dancing does not drive me to recurrent bouts of self-devaluation. Conversely, individuals may regard themselves as highly efficacious in an activity but take no pride in performing it well. A skilled forecloser of mortgages of families that have fallen on hard times is unlikely to feel pride for driving them out of their homes proficiently. It is true, however, that people tend to cultivate their capabilities in activities that give them a sense of self-worth. If empirical analyses are confined to activities in which people invest their sense of self-worth, they will inflate correltions between self-efficacy and self-esteem, because the analyses ignore both domains of functioning in which people judge themselves inefficacious but could not care less and those in which they feel highly efficacious but take no pride in performing the activity well because of its socially injurious consequences. People need much more than high self-esteem to do well in given pursuits. Many achievers are hard on themselves because they adopt standards that are not easily fulfilled, whereas others may enjoy high self-esteem because they do not demand much of themselves or they derive their esteem from sources other than personal accomplishments. Consequently, self-liking does not necessarily beget performance attainments. They are the product of toilsome self-disciplined effort. People need firm confidence in their efficacy to mount and sustain the effort required to succeed. Thus, in ongoing pursuits, perceived personal efficacy predicts the goals people set for themselves and their performance attainments, whereas self-esteem affects neither personal goals nor performance (Mone, Baker & Jeffries, 1995).
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Differentiating Self-Efficacy from Self-Esteem
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